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Migraine: Pharmacy First treatment summary

Is it migraine? A summary of the Pharmacy First pathway for adults aged 18 and over, from the ID Migraine screen to treatment options, referral criteria and self-care advice.

Signs and symptoms
ID Migraine screen: positive if 2 or more of these in the last 3 months
● Headaches that limited work, study or daily activity for at least one day1,4
● Nausea or feeling sick with the headaches1,4
● Light bothering more than when headache-free1,4
Typical features: ALL ICHD-3 criteria
● 5 or more attacks lasting 4–72 hours if untreated or treatment fails1
● 2 or more of: one-sided, pulsating, moderate or severe, worse with activity1
● 1 or more of: nausea or vomiting; light and sound sensitivity together1
Referral
Phone 999 if any of the following are present
● Rapid-onset severe headache, reaching its worst within 5 minutes2,4
● Confusion, weakness of an arm or leg, face drooping or slurred speech2,4
● High temperature, especially with confusion, being unable to put the chin to the chest, or a rash that does not fade when pressed2,4
Hospital emergency department
● Head knock in the last 3 months while taking an anticoagulant, antiplatelet (except aspirin alone) or having a bleeding or clotting disorder2,4
● First episode of atypical or prolonged aura: not fully reversible or lasting over 60 minutes, motor weakness, double vision, symptoms in one eye only, poor balance or reduced consciousness1,2
● Severe, uncontrolled migraine lasting more than 72 hours (status migrainosus)3
● Papilloedema; new focal neurological deficit, personality change, cognitive impairment or altered consciousness2,4
General practice
● Pregnant or within 6 weeks of giving birth1,2,4
● Headache triggered by cough, Valsalva or sneeze, or worse on standing or lying down2,4
● Head knock in the last 3 months (without the anticoagulant or bleeding risk above); over 50 with a completely new type of headache; immunocompromised or cancer; or headaches worsening week on week for a month or more and not responding to treatment2,4
● Under 18, 8 or more headache days in the last month, or a major change in pattern1,2
● Other episodes of atypical or prolonged aura, or uncertain diagnosis1,2,3
● Regular opioid-containing painkillers1,2
● 4 or more migraine days in the last month: consider preventive treatment; acute treatment may continue1,2
● ID Migraine screen or ICHD-3 criteria not met: migraine less likely. Infrequent tension-type headache: self-care advice; other headache: refer1
● Migraine with aura and combined hormonal contraception: non-urgent contraception review (GP, sexual health service or NHS Pharmacy Contraception Service). Do not stop the contraception without an effective alternative1,2
Treatment options
Treatment options
● NSAID: aspirin 900 mg, ibuprofen 400–600 mg or naproxen 250–500 mg orally. Take with or after food, at the lowest effective dose2
● Paracetamol 1,000 mg orally if NSAIDs are contraindicated or not tolerated. It is rarely effective alone2
● Triptan, following the local formulary: for example sumatriptan 50–100 mg orally. Consider zolmitriptan nasal spray for severe vomiting or if rapid onset is needed2
● If initial triptan ineffective (no significant response at 2 hours): try an alternative triptan2
● Antiemetic: prochlorperazine 3 mg buccal, metoclopramide 10 mg or domperidone 10 mg orally. The latter two may be used without nausea, short term only, in line with MHRA advice2
● Paracetamol, an NSAID and a triptan may be taken individually or in combination as an individualised approach2
● Do not give opioids or compound analgesics2
Triptan contraindications
● Cardiovascular disease (including ischaemic heart disease, previous MI, Prinzmetal's angina, arrhythmias, peripheral vascular disease, mild uncontrolled or controlled moderate or severe hypertension)2
● Previous TIA or stroke; use with another triptan, an MAOI or ergotamine2
● Aged 65 and over: no upper age limit, but a triptan is off-label2
Self-care and advice
Self-care
● Take treatment early, at headache onset, not during aura1
● Painkillers on no more than 2 days a week (including triptans and codeine); avoid opioids. If taken on 2 or more days a week, advise on reducing use, then return to the pathway. Overuse can cause medication overuse headache1,2,3
● Keep a headache diary1,5
● Avoid known triggers; stress management, good sleep, hydration, regular meals and exercise can help. Migraine cannot be cured but can usually be managed3
● Provide patient information: The Migraine Trust self-management advice1,5
Safety-netting advice for patient
● Seek urgent help if the headache changes or new symptoms develop1
Follow up
Ask the patient to return if
● Any acute treatment is ineffective on 3 treated attacks1
● CKS advises review within 2–8 weeks of starting treatment (attack frequency, effectiveness, adverse effects, overuse)3
Returning patient: one further consultation only
● Reassess and agree an alternative acute plan only if ALL apply: 0–7 headache days and fewer than 4 migraine days in the last month; appropriate dose, timing and formulation; painkiller use within limits; no red flags or signposting criteria1,2
● If the alternative plan is ineffective: refer to general practice1,2
References
1 NHS England. Pharmacy First: migraine prescribing pathway (acute treatment of episodic migraine, adults aged 18 years and over). Final draft v0.28.
2 NHS England. NHS Community Pharmacy Clinical Prescribing Guidance, final draft. Section B3, Acute treatment of episodic migraine in individuals aged 18 years and over (pages 30–33).
3 NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries. Migraine. Scenario: Migraine in adults (from age 18 years). Last revised April 2026. Management: information and self-care advice; acute treatment; follow up; referral.
4 GIRFT. National headache pathway: migraine assessment, red flag checklist for pharmacy staff and criteria to signpost to general practice.
5 The Migraine Trust. Self-management advice and headache diary, as linked from the Pharmacy First pathway.
 

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